Preface to the 4th Edition ix
1: General Topics 1
Design Philosophy 1
Stress Analysis 2
Stress/Failure Theories 3
Failures in Pressure Vessels 7
Loadings 8
Stress 10
Thermal Stresses 13
Discontinuity Stresses 14
Fatigue Analysis for Cyclic Service 15
Creep 24
Cryogenic Applications 32
Service Considerations 34
Miscellaneous Design Considerations 35
Items to be Included in a User's Design Specification (UDS) for ASME VIII-2 Vessels 35
References 36
2: General Design 37
Procedure 2-1: General Vessel Formulas 38
Procedure 2-2: External Pressure Design 42
Procedure 2-3: Properties of Stiffening Rings 51
Procedure 2-4: Code Case 2286 54
Procedure 2-5: Design of Cones 58
Procedure 2-6: Design of Toriconical Transitions 67
Procedure 2-7: Stresses in Heads Due to Internal Pressure 70
Procedure 2-8: Design of Intermediate Heads 74
Procedure 2-9: Design of Flat Heads 76
Procedure 2-10: Design of Large Openings in Flat Heads 81
Procedure 2-11: Calculate MAP, MAWP, and Test Pressures 83
Procedure 2-12: Nozzle Reinforcement 85
Procedure 2-13: Find or Revise the Center of Gravity of a Vessel 90
Procedure 2-14: Minimum Design Metal Temperature (MDMT) 90
Procedure 2-15: Buckling of Thin Wall Cylindrical Shells 95
Procedure 2-16: Optimum Vessel Proportions 96
Procedure 2-17: Estimating Weights of Vessels and Vessel Components 102
Procedure 2-18: Design of Jacketed Vessels 124
Procedure 2-19: Forming Strains/Fiber Elongation 134
References 138
3: Flange Design 139
Introduction 140
Procedure 3-1: Design of Flanges 148
Procedure 3-2: Design of Spherically Dished Covers 165
Procedure 3-3: Design of Blind Flanges with Openings 167
Procedure 3-4: Bolt Torque Required for Sealing Flanges 169
Procedure 3-5: Design of Studding Outlets 172
Procedure 3-6: Reinforcement for Studding Outlets 175
Procedure 3-7: Studding Flanges 176
Procedure 3-8: Design of Elliptical, Internal Manways 181
Procedure 3-9: Through Nozzles 182
References 183
4: Design of Vessel Supports 185
Introduction: Support Structures 186
Procedure 4-1: Wind Design Per ASCE 189
Procedure 4-2: Seismic Design - General 199
Procedure 4-3: Seismic Design for Vessels 204
Procedure 4-4: Seismic Design - Vessel on Unbraced Legs 208
Procedure 4-5: Seismic Design - Vessel on Braced Legs 217
Procedure 4-6: Seismic Design - Vessel on Rings 223
Procedure 4-7: Seismic Design - Vessel on Lugs 229
Procedure 4-8: Seismic Design - Vessel on Skirt 239
Procedure 4-9: Seismic Design - Vessel on Conical Skirt 248
Procedure 4-10: Design of Horizontal Vessel on Saddles 253
Procedure 4-11: Design of Saddle Supports for Large Vessels 267
Procedure 4-12: Design of Base Plates for Legs 275
Procedure 4-13: Design of Lug Supports 278
Procedure 4-14: Design of Base Details for Vertical Vessels-Shifted Neutral Axis Method 281
Procedure 4-15: Design of Base Details for Vertical Vessels - Centered Neutral Axis Method 291
Procedure 4-16: Design of Anchor Bolts for Vertical Vessels 293
Procedure 4-17: Properties of Concrete 295
References 296
5: Vessel Internals 297
Procedure 5-1: Design of Internal Support Beds 298
Procedure 5-2: Design of Lattice Beams 310
Procedure 5-3: Shell Stresses due to Loadings at Support Beam Locations 316
Procedure 5-4: Design of Support Blocks 319
Procedure 5-5: Hub Rings used for Bed Supports 321
Procedure 5-6: Design of Pipe Coils for Heat Transfer 326
Procedure 5-7: Agitators/Mixers for Vessels and Tanks 345
Procedure 5-8: Design of Internal Pipe Distributors 353
Procedure 5-9: Design of Trays 366
Procedure 5-10: Flow Over Weirs 375
Procedure 5-11: Design of Demisters 376
Procedure 5-12: Design of Baffles 381
Procedure 5-13: Design of Impingement Plates 391
References 392
6: Special Designs 393
Procedure 6-1: Design of Large-Diameter Nozzle Openings 394
Large Openings—Membrane and Bending Analysis 397
Procedure 6-2: Tower Deflection 397
Procedure 6-3: Design of Ring Girders 401
Procedure 6-4: Design of Vessels with Refractory Linings 406
Procedure 6-5: Vibration of Tall Towers and Stacks 418
Procedure 6-6: Underground Tanks & Vessels 428
Procedure 6-7: Local Thin Area (LTA) 432
References 433
7: Local Loads 435
Procedure 7-1: Stresses in Circular Rings 437
Procedure 7-2: Design of Partial Ring Stiffeners 446
Procedure 7-3: Attachment Parameters 448
Procedure 7-4: Stresses in Cylindrical Shells from External Local Loads 449
Procedure 7-5: Stresses in Spherical Shells from External Local Loads 465
References 472
8: High Pressure Vessels 473
1.0. General 474
2.0. Shell Design 496
3.0. Design of Closures 502
4.0. Nozzles 551
5.0. References 556
9: Related Equipment 557
Procedure 9-1: Design of Davits 558
Procedure 9-2: Design of Circular Platforms 563
Procedure 9-3: Design of Square and Rectangular Platforms 571
Procedure 9-4: Design of Pipe Supports 576
Procedure 9-5: Shear Loads in Bolted Connections 584
Procedure 9-6: Design of Bins and Elevated Tanks 586
Procedure 9-7: Field-Fabricated Spheres 594
References 630
10: Transportation and Erection of Pressure Vessels 631
Procedure 10-1: Transportation of Pressure Vessels 632
Procedure 10-2: Erection of Pressure Vessels 660
Procedure 10-3: Lifting Attachments and Terminology 666
Procedure 10-4: Lifting Loads and Forces 675
Procedure 10-5: Design of Tail Beams, Lugs, and Base Ring Details 681
Procedure 10-6: Design of Top Head and Cone Lifting Lugs 691
Procedure 10-7: Design of Flange Lugs 695
Procedure 10-8: Design of Trunnions 706
Procedure 10-9: Local Loads in Shell Due to Erection Forces 710
Procedure 10-10: Miscellaneous 713
11: Materials 719
11.1. Types of Materials 720
11.2. Properties of Materials 723
11.3. Bolting 728
11.4. Testing & Examination 732
11.5. Heat Treatment 738
Appendices 743
Index 803
When I started the Pressure Vessel Design Manual 35 years ago, I had no idea where it would lead. The first edition alone took 10 years to publish. It began when I first started working for a small vessel shop in Los Angeles in 1972. I could not believe how little information was available to engineers and designers in our industry at that time. I began collecting and researching everything I could get my hands on. As I collected more and more, I began writing procedures around various topics. After a while I had a pretty substantial collection and someone suggested that it might make a good book.
However I was constantly revising them and didn't think any of them were complete enough to publish. After a while I began trying to perfect them so that they could be published. This is the point at which the effort changed from a hobby to a vocation. My goal was to provide as complete a collection of equations, data and procedures for the design of pressure vessels that I could assemble. I never thought of myself as an author in this regard... but only the editor. I was not developing equations or methods, but only collecting and collating them. The presentation of the materials was then, and still is, the focus of my efforts. As stated all along "The author makes no claim to originality, other than that of format."
My target audience was always the person in the shop who was ultimately responsible for the designs they manufactured. I have seen all my goals for the PVDM exceeded in every way possible. Through my work with Fluor, I have had the opportunity to travel to 40 countries and have visited 60 vessel shops. In the past 10 years, I have not visited a shop that was not using the PVDM. This has been my reward. This book is now, and always has been, dedicated to the end user. Thank you.
The PVDM is a "designers" manual foremost, and not an engineering textbook. The procedures are streamlined to provide a weight, size or thickness. For the most part, wherever possible, it avoids the derivation of equations or the theoretical background. I have always sought out the simplest and most direct solutions.
If I have an interest in seeing this book continuing, then it must be done under the direction of a new, younger and very talented person.
Finally, I would like to offer my warmest, heartfelt thanks to all of you that have made comments, contributions, sent me literature, or encouraged me over the past 35 years. It is immensely rewarding to have watched the book evolve over the years. This book would not have been possible without you!
Dennis R. Moss