diff --git a/app/services/study/publish_enqueue.py b/app/services/study/publish_enqueue.py
index 40698fe..9a73c3a 100644
--- a/app/services/study/publish_enqueue.py
+++ b/app/services/study/publish_enqueue.py
@@ -68,10 +68,10 @@ async def enqueue_question_publish(session: AsyncSession, q: Any) -> None:
         await enqueue_publish(session, kind=KIND_EXPLANATION, source_id=q.id, payload=expl)
 
 
-async def backfill_publish_questions(session: AsyncSession, *, after_id: int = 0, limit: int = 200) -> int:
+async def backfill_publish_questions(session: AsyncSession, *, after_id: int = 0, limit: int = 200) -> tuple[int, int]:
     """active(미삭제) 문항을 id>after_id 부터 bounded 로 outbox 적재.
 
-    반환 = enqueue 한 문항 수(0 이면 끝). 큰 셋은 마지막 id 로 페이지 반복. caller commit.
+    반환 = (enqueue 수, 마지막 처리 id). caller 는 수==limit 면 last_id 로 다음 페이지. caller commit.
     """
     rows = (
         await session.execute(
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ async def backfill_publish_questions(session: AsyncSession, *, after_id: int = 0
     ).scalars().all()
     for q in rows:
         await enqueue_question_publish(session, q)
-    return len(rows)
+    return len(rows), (rows[-1].id if rows else after_id)
 
 
 async def enqueue_topic_publish(session: AsyncSession, topic: Any) -> None:
@@ -91,10 +91,10 @@ async def enqueue_topic_publish(session: AsyncSession, topic: Any) -> None:
     await enqueue_publish(session, kind=KIND_TOPIC, source_id=topic.id, payload=project_topic(topic))
 
 
-async def backfill_publish_topics(session: AsyncSession, *, after_id: int = 0, limit: int = 200) -> int:
+async def backfill_publish_topics(session: AsyncSession, *, after_id: int = 0, limit: int = 200) -> tuple[int, int]:
     """active(미삭제) 주제를 id>after_id 부터 bounded 로 outbox 적재(S-1 초기 백필).
 
-    반환 = enqueue 한 주제 수(0 이면 끝). 큰 셋은 마지막 id 로 페이지 반복. caller commit.
+    반환 = (enqueue 수, 마지막 처리 id). caller 는 수==limit 면 last_id 로 다음 페이지. caller commit.
     멱등 = 발행 워커의 (payload_hash, deleted) 디둡이 no-op 재투영 흡수(중복 enqueue 무해).
     """
     rows = (
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ async def backfill_publish_topics(session: AsyncSession, *, after_id: int = 0, l
     ).scalars().all()
     for t in rows:
         await enqueue_topic_publish(session, t)
-    return len(rows)
+    return len(rows), (rows[-1].id if rows else after_id)
 
 
 async def enqueue_card_publish(session: AsyncSession, card: Any) -> None:
@@ -123,10 +123,10 @@ async def enqueue_card_publish(session: AsyncSession, card: Any) -> None:
         await enqueue_publish(session, kind=KIND_CARD, source_id=card.id, payload=project_card(card))
 
 
-async def backfill_publish_cards(session: AsyncSession, *, after_id: int = 0, limit: int = 200) -> int:
+async def backfill_publish_cards(session: AsyncSession, *, after_id: int = 0, limit: int = 200) -> tuple[int, int]:
     """검수완료(needs_review=False)·미삭제 카드를 id>after_id 부터 bounded 로 outbox 적재(S-2 초기 백필).
 
-    반환 = enqueue 한 카드 수(0 이면 끝). 멱등 = 워커 (payload_hash, deleted) 디둡. caller commit.
+    반환 = (enqueue 수, 마지막 처리 id). caller 는 수==limit 면 last_id 로 다음 페이지. 멱등 = 워커 디둡. caller commit.
     """
     rows = (
         await session.execute(
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ async def backfill_publish_cards(session: AsyncSession, *, after_id: int = 0, li
     ).scalars().all()
     for c in rows:
         await enqueue_card_publish(session, c)
-    return len(rows)
+    return len(rows), (rows[-1].id if rows else after_id)
 
 
 async def enqueue_card_progress_publish(session: AsyncSession, progress: Any) -> None:
@@ -155,11 +155,11 @@ async def enqueue_card_progress_publish(session: AsyncSession, progress: Any) ->
     )
 
 
-async def backfill_publish_card_progress(session: AsyncSession, *, after_id: int = 0, limit: int = 200) -> int:
+async def backfill_publish_card_progress(session: AsyncSession, *, after_id: int = 0, limit: int = 200) -> tuple[int, int]:
     """모든 card progress row 를 id>after_id 부터 bounded 로 outbox 적재(S-4 초기 백필).
 
     ★필터 없음 = ALL row(due_at NULL sentinel·terminal 포함) — due-only 백필은 sentinel 누락.
-    반환 = enqueue 한 row 수(0 이면 끝). 멱등 = 워커 디둡. caller commit.
+    반환 = (enqueue 수, 마지막 처리 id). caller 는 수==limit 면 last_id 로 다음 페이지. 멱등 = 워커 디둡. caller commit.
     """
     rows = (
         await session.execute(
@@ -171,4 +171,4 @@ async def backfill_publish_card_progress(session: AsyncSession, *, after_id: int
     ).scalars().all()
     for p in rows:
         await enqueue_card_progress_publish(session, p)
-    return len(rows)
+    return len(rows), (rows[-1].id if rows else after_id)
diff --git a/scripts/backfill_publish_card_progress.py b/scripts/backfill_publish_card_progress.py
index ab80e83..a86c91e 100644
--- a/scripts/backfill_publish_card_progress.py
+++ b/scripts/backfill_publish_card_progress.py
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ from core.database import async_session
 from models.study_memo_card_progress import StudyMemoCardProgress
 from services.study.publish_enqueue import backfill_publish_card_progress
 
-# 개인 학습툴 progress row 대비 넉넉. 도달 시 가드 경보.
-PAGE = 100000
+# 페이지 배치 크기 — after_id 루프로 전량 처리(bounded tx).
+PAGE = 5000
 
 
 async def run(dry_run: bool) -> None:
@@ -50,13 +50,17 @@ async def run(dry_run: bool) -> None:
         print("[dry-run] 적재 안 함. 실제 실행은 --dry-run 제거.")
         return
 
-    async with async_session() as session:
-        n = await backfill_publish_card_progress(session, after_id=0, limit=PAGE)
-        await session.commit()
+    total = 0
+    after = 0
+    while True:
+        async with async_session() as session:
+            n, after = await backfill_publish_card_progress(session, after_id=after, limit=PAGE)
+            await session.commit()
+        total += n
+        if n < PAGE:
+            break
 
-    print(f"\n[ok] outbox 적재 {n}건 — 발행 워커가 drain(flag on 시) 하며 rev 부여.")
-    if n >= PAGE:
-        print(f"[warn] PAGE({PAGE}) 도달 — progress 가 더 있을 수 있음. after_id 페이징 추가 필요.")
+    print(f"\n[ok] outbox 적재 {total}건 — 발행 워커가 drain(flag on 시) 하며 rev 부여.")
 
 
 def main() -> None:
diff --git a/scripts/backfill_publish_cards.py b/scripts/backfill_publish_cards.py
index 4e27833..3cffa6b 100644
--- a/scripts/backfill_publish_cards.py
+++ b/scripts/backfill_publish_cards.py
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ from core.database import async_session
 from models.study_memo_card import StudyMemoCard
 from services.study.publish_enqueue import backfill_publish_cards
 
-# 개인 학습툴 카드 수 대비 넉넉(단일 outbox 적재 tx, 워커는 BATCH_SIZE 로 drain). 도달 시 가드 경보.
-PAGE = 100000
+# 페이지 배치 크기 — after_id 루프로 전량 처리(bounded tx). 워커는 BATCH_SIZE 로 drain.
+PAGE = 5000
 
 
 async def run(dry_run: bool) -> None:
@@ -55,13 +55,17 @@ async def run(dry_run: bool) -> None:
         print("[dry-run] 적재 안 함. 실제 실행은 --dry-run 제거.")
         return
 
-    async with async_session() as session:
-        n = await backfill_publish_cards(session, after_id=0, limit=PAGE)
-        await session.commit()
+    total = 0
+    after = 0
+    while True:
+        async with async_session() as session:
+            n, after = await backfill_publish_cards(session, after_id=after, limit=PAGE)
+            await session.commit()
+        total += n
+        if n < PAGE:
+            break
 
-    print(f"\n[ok] outbox 적재 {n}건 — 발행 워커가 drain(flag on 시) 하며 rev 부여.")
-    if n >= PAGE:
-        print(f"[warn] PAGE({PAGE}) 도달 — 카드가 더 있을 수 있음. after_id 페이징 추가 필요.")
+    print(f"\n[ok] outbox 적재 {total}건 — 발행 워커가 drain(flag on 시) 하며 rev 부여.")
 
 
 def main() -> None:
diff --git a/scripts/backfill_publish_topics.py b/scripts/backfill_publish_topics.py
index 7f299b2..d4724fc 100644
--- a/scripts/backfill_publish_topics.py
+++ b/scripts/backfill_publish_topics.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ from core.database import async_session
 from models.study_topic import StudyTopic
 from services.study.publish_enqueue import backfill_publish_topics
 
-# 개인 학습툴 주제 수 대비 넉넉. 도달 시 overflow 가드가 경보.
+# 페이지 배치 크기 — after_id 루프로 전량 처리(bounded tx).
 PAGE = 5000
 
 
@@ -58,13 +58,17 @@ async def run(dry_run: bool) -> None:
         print("[dry-run] 적재 안 함. 실제 실행은 --dry-run 제거.")
         return
 
-    async with async_session() as session:
-        n = await backfill_publish_topics(session, after_id=0, limit=PAGE)
-        await session.commit()
+    total = 0
+    after = 0
+    while True:
+        async with async_session() as session:
+            n, after = await backfill_publish_topics(session, after_id=after, limit=PAGE)
+            await session.commit()
+        total += n
+        if n < PAGE:
+            break
 
-    print(f"\n[ok] outbox 적재 {n}건 — 발행 워커가 drain(flag on 시) 하며 rev 부여.")
-    if n >= PAGE:
-        print(f"[warn] PAGE({PAGE}) 도달 — 주제가 더 있을 수 있음. after_id 페이징 추가 필요.")
+    print(f"\n[ok] outbox 적재 {total}건 — 발행 워커가 drain(flag on 시) 하며 rev 부여.")
 
 
 def main() -> None: